INTRODUCTION
There were a lot lot of sources of contamination in this world. Most of this sources can lead to the contamination of the speciemen and can change the result of the experiment that have been carried out. No cell culture problem is as universal as that of culture loss due to contamination. All cell culture laboratories and cell culture workers have experienced it. Culture contaminants may be biological or chemical, seen or unseen, destructive or seemingly benign, but in all cases they adversely affect both the use of cell cultures and the quality of research. A cell culture contaminant can be defined as some element in the culture system that is undesirable because of its possible adverse effects on either the system or its use. These elements can be divided into two main categories: chemical contaminants and biological contaminants. Chemical contamination is best described as the presence of any nonliving substance that results in undesirable effects on the culture system.Biological contaminants can be subdivided into two groups based on the difficulty of detecting them in cultures:
◗ those that are usually easy to detect — bacteria, molds and yeast;
◗ those that are more difficult to detect, and as a result potentially more serious culture problems, — viruses, protozoa, insects, mycoplasmas and other cell lines.
The sources in the laboratory can comes from the surrounding air and from humans that carried the experiments. There were lots of microorganisms that can become the sources of the contaminations and infections.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the microorganisms in the air and from healthy humans
RESULT
AIR
HAND
EAR
NORMAL BREATHING
VIOLENT COUGHING
DISCUSSION
Theres a lot of microbes found in the surrounding in the earth. In this experiment, we need to identify the sources of contamination and infection during the cell culture. The factors that been used is air surrounding, hands, normal breathing, ear and violent coughing. This enable students to know the exact sources of contamination. Bacteria are a large and ubiquitous group of unicellular microorganisms. They are typically a few micrometers in diameters, and can have a variety of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Because of their ubiquity, size, and fast growth rates, bacteria, along with yeasts and molds, are the most commonly encountered biological contaminants in cell culture. Bacterial contamination is easily detected by visual inspection of the culture within a few days of it becoming infected; infected cultures usually appear cloudy (i.e., turbid), sometimes with a thin film on the surface.
Airborne particles are a major cause of respiratory ailments of humans, causing allergies, asthma, and pathogenic infections of the respiratory tract. Airborne fungal spores are also important agents of plant disease, and the means for dissemination of many common saprotrophic (saprophytic) fungi. Usually airbone particles are the sources of the contamination for air surrounding. Passive air sampling is performed using settle plates.Petri dishes containing a solid nutrient medium are left open to air for a given period of time. Microbes carried by inert particles fall onto the surface of the nutrient. There were a lot of bacterium in the air surrounding listed by scientists. One of them is Bacillus sp..
In the next observation in our experiment, we observe the bacteria from the petri dish for hands sample. It had been observe that the bacteria is rapidly growth in this medium compare to the other samples. Another prominent member of the skin flora is Staphylococcus epidermidis. This is a highly adapted Gram positive bacterium that can survive at many sites throughout the body. S. epidermidis can cause life threatening disease in hospital patients when invasive medical devices such as catheters are used. In such cases, S. epidermidis form antibiotic resistant biofilms along the catheter and enter the bloodstream causing systemic infection that can be fatal. Under this scenario S. epidermidis would be considered an opportunistic pathogen, since it remains benign until provided with specific conditions that allow it to cause disease. S. epidermidis was actually not considered a serious threat to human health prior to the introduction of catheters and surgery. Today, researchers and manufacturers are developing new approaches to designing catheters that prevent biofilm formation.
Bacteria cause most ear infections. The most common types are Streptococcus pneumoniae. The other common bacteria are that cause ear infections includeHaemophilus influenzae (which is associated with respiratory infections in children), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (also called pneumococcus). Less common bacteria include Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis and Streptococcus pyogenes.
The human bacteria in nose is home to the infamous Gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. Infections of this bacterium are now a very serious threat to human health because it has become resistant to all commercially available antibiotics. In our experiment there is no bacteria form in the agar plate. This condition may due to the normal breathing of the students may not contain any bacteria and contaminatant or due to wrong techniques in taking the samples. Cough can be caused by many conditions affecting the airways, and commonly is caused by asthma, colds and bronchitis.
CONCLUSION
Cell cultures can be managed to reduce both the frequency and seriousness of culture-related problems, especially contamination. Lack of basic culture management procedures, especially in larger laboratories, frequently leads to long term problems, making contamination more likely for everyone. In this experiment, we can understand and detect the sources of the contamination and infection in cell culture. Safety measure must be taken to ensure that this contamination can be avoided. Proper aseptic techniques and sterilization must be taken to avoid this sources.
REFERENCES
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