[LAB 4] NOR SHAQIRA BT AZLAN 111391


LAB 4 : SOURCES OF CONTAMINATION AND INFECTION

INTRODUCTION

              Airborne particles are a major cause of respiratory ailments of humans, causing allergies, asthma, and pathogenic infections of the respiratory tract. Airborne fungal spores are also important agents of plant disease, and the means for dissemination of many common saprotrophic (saprophytic) fungi.  
            An infection is the invasion of body tissues by disease-causing microorganisms, their multiplication and the reaction of body tissues to these microorganisms and the toxins that they produce. Infections are caused by microorganisms such as viruses, prions, bacteria, and viroids, though larger organisms can also infect.
In this laboratory practical, we are required to prepares agar plates in objective to test and determine microorganisms in air, normal breathing, violent cough, ear and hand.
The procedure to determine microorganisms ; Air : Leave the molten agar plate prepared exposed to environment for 5 minutes and incubate at 37 Degree Celcius for 48hours. Hands : wash hand using sterile water without using soap. Transfer  1mL of the wash water into petri dish. Add  molten agar  to the petri dish. Incubate the dish at 37 Degree Celcius for 48hours. Ear : Using extreme care, rub a sterile swab moistened with sterile isotonic solution into ear. Inoculate the agar plate with the swab. Normal breathing : Remove the lid and hold the plate about 15cm from subject mouth. Breathe normally but directly into the plate for one minute. Incubate the dish at 37 Degree Celcius for 48hours. Violent coughing : cough violently into the agar plate. Incubate the dish at 37 Degree Celcius for 48hours.


OBJECTIVE

To determine the microorganism in the air and from healthy humans.


RESULT

Air  ;

Hands ;

Ear ;

Normal breathing ;



Violent coughing ;



DISCUSSION

Humans are hosts for many bacterial species that colonize the skin as normal flora. Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are infrequent resident flora, but they account for a wide variety of bacterial pyodermas. Predisposing factors to infection include minor trauma, preexisting skin disease, poor hygiene, and, rarely, impaired host immunity.

Airborne microorganism is chemical contamination in the form of vapors or aerosols that has a detrimental effect on a product or a process. These chemicals may be organic or inorganic in nature and includes acids, bases, polymer additives, organometallic compounds and dopants. The main sources  are building and cleanroom construction materials, general environment, process chemicals and operating personnel.
Indoor airborne bacteria can loosely be categorized into bacterial pathogens and environmental bacteria associated with water-damaged building materials. Bacterial pathogens are capable of causing severe diseases in humans if inhaled, ingested or if they come into contact with the skin. The most important airborne bacterial infections in indoor environments are tuberculosis, nosocomial pneumonia, and legionellosis. These infections are primarily acquired through inhalation of the causative agents.

Environmental bacteria generally associated with mouldy building materials include AcinetobacterBacillus,FlavobacteriumNocardiaStreptomyces, and Thermomonospora. Also associated with water-damaged material are the filamentous bacteria, the Actinomycetes. Some airborne bacteria such as Staphylococcus spp and Micrococcus spp are dispersed into the air from human skin, oral and nasal surfaces, and hair. These bacteria are associated with nosocomial infections in health care facilities.

CONCLUSION

Prevention steps  : The best way to avoid airborne infections is to be in a different room from the person who is ill, with a closed door in between. If you need to be in the same room, wearing a mask may help for a brief exposure. Covering the mouth or nose when coughing or sneezing decreases droplet spread to some degree.

REFERENCES

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airborne_disease


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