INTRODUCTION
Airborne
microorganisms are usually carried on dust particles, although some (fungal
spores, for example) may be carried directly by air currents. It is important
for microbiologists to be aware of the potential for contamination by airborne
microorganisms. Carefully observation of simple precautions dramatically
reduces the risk of contamination of the cultures.
Every human is colonized by billions of microorganisms. These
microorganisms, some of ehich are vital to our wellbeing, constitute our
resident or normal microflora. Resident microoorganisms are nourished by the
chemicals and moisture excreted by the human bod for example in moist areas
such as the armpit and on the drier skin of the forearm.
Resident microoorganisms are either nonpathogenic or are
prevented from infecting the body by an array of mechanical and chemical
defences. Some resident microbes are, however, opportunistic pathogens which
may cause infection if the body’s defences are breached-for example, if the
skin is broken.
Transient microorganisms are picked up from our environment-for
example from faecal contact or from soil and usually fail to become permanent
skin residents. One of the most important reasons for failure to gain
permanence is that the established residents are better able to compete for
nutrients. Since transients generally originate in other environments, they are
poorly adapted to conditons on the skin and usually dissapear within 24 hours
of arrival.
Microorganisms in the upper respiratory tract are either normal
residents or transients. As with the skin, the normal microflora largely
consists of nonpathogens or opportunistic pathogens.
Large numbers of transcients enter the upper respiratory tract
as we breath or eat. The may also come from our own hands or from improper
sanitation during food preparation. Regardless of their origin, most transients
are nonpathogenic and are quickly killed by various defences arrayed against
them.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the microorganisms in the air and from
healthy humans.
RESULT
Air :
Hands :
Ear :
Normal breathing :
Violent coughing :
DISCUSSION
Airborne droplet nuclei generated during coughing or sneezing are a
potential source of transmission of infection either by direct inhalation or
indirectly through contaminated medical devices. Droplets generated from
infected respiratory tracts can remain airborne for long periods of time and
transmit infections like tuberculosis, respiratory viral illnesses and
antibiotic-resistant hospital bacteria.
Airborne contamination is mainly derived from the personnel in the
operation theatre and their activities. The bacterial count in operation
theatre is influenced by the number of individuals present, ventilation and air
flow.
Ear wax is composed mostly of dead skin cells and keratin with a
small mixture of cerumen, sweat, and oil. Cerumen is secreted from the
ceruminous glands located in the first third outer part of the ear canal and is
thought to be composed mainly of cholesterol, squalene, wax esters, ceramides,
and triglycerides.
The cerumen also has antimicrobial properties which can be attributed to
its slight acidic pH of 5 and the presence of lysozyme. In normal
circumstances, the ear wax is continuously pushed out of the ear canal
by the slow migration of the top
layer of skin cells from the tympanic membrane towards the outer ear. The ear
wax traps any foreign particles and organisms on its way out.
Frequent coughing usually
indicates the presence of a disease. Many viruses and bacteria benefit
evolutionarily by causing the host to cough, which helps to spread
the disease to new hosts. Most of the time, coughing is caused by a respiratory
tract infection but can be triggered by choking, smoking, air
pollution, asthma,gastroesophageal reflux disease, post-nasal drip, chronic
bronchitis, lung tumors, heart failure and medications such as ACE
inhibitors. A cough can be the result of arespiratory tract infection such
as the common cold,pneumonia, pertussis, or tuberculosis.
Infections in the breathing tubes can be caused by both bacteria and
viruses, although the most common cause in children is a virus.
A normal breathing rate
is approximately 12 to 20 respirations per minute while at rest. This means
that the person will breathe in and out 12 to 20 times during a 60 second
period. When counting, make sure to count a breath in and out as one breath to
avoid doubling the respiratory number. It is helpful to count a breathing rate
when the person is relaxed and is unaware that you are watching her breathing
pattern because most people will begin to focus on breathing and disrupt the
natural flow if they know that someone is counting the breaths per minute.
Normal breathing is typically quiet without wheezes, coughing, bubbling sounds,
or other noises. Breath odor is the scent of the air you breathe out of your
mouth. Unpleasant, distinctive, or offensive breath odor is commonly called bad
breath. Some disorders will produce specific, characteristic odors to the
breath. Bad breath related to poor oral hygiene is most common and caused by release
of sulphur compounds by bacteria in the mouth.
Conclusion
Contamination is the
presence of a minor and unwanted constituent (contaminant) in material, physical
body, natural environment. Poor biological air quality may be connected
with some non-biological aspects. As we know, there are many microorganism that
are colonized in the free air and also in human body. The exposed of the molten
agar to the air and healthy humans cause contamination.
Reference
